Effect of pH on Potentially Toxic Trace Elements (Cd,Cu, Ni,and Zn) Solubility in Two Native and Spiked Calcareous Soils: Experimental and Modeling

The effect of soil pH on solubility of the potentially toxic trace elements (PTEs) [cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn)] was assessed using two native and spiked calcareous soils. Multiple PTEs solutions were added to soils and equilibrated (aged) for 40 days. Then, PTEs solubility was measured at different pH level (1–3 units below and above the pH of native soils). In native soils, all PTEs displayed a V-shaped pH-dependent solubility pattern with important releases at pH 4 and 10 (native soil 1) and 5 and 11 (native soil 2). In spiked soils, the general tendency for the pH where solubility started was in the order Cd > Ni > Zn > Cu. Solubility of added trace elements increased with a decrease in pH. Solubility of PTEs occurred at a lower pH in the soil with a higher carbonate content than the other soil (both native and spiked). In order to predict the effect of soil pH on solubility of PTEs, surface complexation and ions exchange models of PHREEQC program were used. The model simulated the PTEs solubility in soils very well. Comparison of experimental and simulated data indicated that ions exchange and surface complexation were the main mechanisms for predicting PTEs solubility in soils. Environmental implications concerning PTEs mobility might be derived from these findings.     

Effect of excess zinc and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus on bioproduction and trace element nutrition of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Micro-Tom)

ABSTRACT

The effect of excess Zn and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus on bioproduction and trace element nutrition were investigated in tomato. In a completely randomized factorial design, the experimental treatments – Zn addition at 0 (normal) and 300 (excess) mg Zn kg^?1 soil, and AM inoculation (non-AM and Rhizophagus irregularis) – were set up in a growth chamber for 10 weeks. Generally, AM effects on the available Zn, Mn, Cu, and Fe in the rhizosphere soil were in tandem with the effects in host tissues. Under normal Zn condition, AM enhanced Cu availability in the rhizosphere, optimized the Cu:Zn balance in shoots, and increased the host biomass production. Excess Zn reduced mycorrhizal colonization in AM plants and the total plant biomass in both AM and non-AM plants. Although AM decreased the Zn concentrations in soil and host tissues under excess Zn, the distortions in host TE balance were not significantly ameliorated by the fungus. While Zn in fruit was within the safety threshold, Mn deficiency in the fruit was observed under excess Zn, alongside increased root-to-fruit Fe and Cu translocations. Mycorrhizal reductions in soil and tissue Mn concentrations were considered a minus in terms of probable symbiont amelioration of Mn:Zn in-balance under excess Zn. Additional microbe(s) that can enhance Mn homeostasis might be helpful in tomato under elevated soil Zn.     

The impact of supplementation with Rhagodia preissii and Atriplex nummularia on wool production,mineral balance and enteric methane emissions of Merino sheep

The Australian perennial shrubs, oldman saltbush (Atriplex nummularia) and rhagodia (Rhagodia preissii), can complement the diets of sheep grazing moderate‐quality cereal residues. We compared liveweight change, organic matter digestibility, nitrogen and mineral balance, wool growth and methane emissions of Merino wethers offered oaten hay (OMD 622 g kg^?1 DM; N 9.74 g kg^?1 DM) with and without shrub biomass (substituted at 25% of OM). Diets were fed at restricted levels for 1 month. Substituting hay with shrub biomass significantly decreased liveweight loss, increased clean wool growth and increased apparent absorption of phosphorus compared to the hay alone. Substitution of hay with both saltbush and rhagodia led to over 23% greater clean wool growth. Nitrogen balance and apparent digestion of organic matter, calcium and magnesium did not vary significantly between animals on the diets. Wethers on the rhagodia and hay diets had similar enteric methane emissions, while animals offered the saltbush diet had significantly higher emissions (L/OM intake). When methane is expressed in terms of wool growth, animals on the rhagodia diet produced 26% less methane for every gram of wool.     

The Estimation of Soil Trace Elements Distribution and Soil-Plant-Animal Continuum in Relation to Trace Elements Status of Sheep in Huangcheng Area of Qilian Mountain Grassland,China

The purpose of the present study was to survey contents of trace elements of Cu, Mn, Fe, and Zn in the surface layer (0-20 cm) in the soil, pasture and serum of sheep in Huangcheng area of Qilian mountain grassland, China. Also the soil-plant-animal continuum was analyzed. Soil (n=300), pasture (n=60), and blood serum samples from sheep (n=480) were collected from Huangcheng area of Qilian mountain grassland, China. The contents of trace element in the samples were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer after digestion. The soil trace elements density distribution shows a ladder-like pattern distribution. Equations developed in the present study for prediction of Fe (R²=0.943) and Zn (R²=0.882) had significant R² values.     

澳洲坚果果仁中4种关键微量元素的FAAS法测定

为探明澳洲坚果果仁中Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn 4种关键微量元素的含量及其测定方法,运用火焰原子吸收分光光度法(FAAS),采用干灰化、混酸消解、微波消解3种不同样品消解方式,对4个澳洲坚果品种果仁中Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn的含量进行了测定。结果表明：Fe、Cu经3种不同消化方式处理后的含量测定结果无显著差异;而Mn、Zn经微波消解处理后的测定值虽然略高于干灰化和混酸消解2种方式,但未达到显著水平;澳洲坚果果仁中4种微量元素的含量为Mn>Fe>Zn>Cu,其中Mn元素含量在品种间的变异较大;在4个供试品种中,‘云澳51号’的Fe含量为最高,而‘云澳58号’的Mn、Cu、Zn 3种微量元素含量均为最高。3种样品消解方式均可用于澳洲坚果果仁微量元素含量的FAAS法测定。     

育成巨胚稻与其亲本的糙米粒型性状和矿物质含量的比较分析

为了揭示育成巨胚稻、引进的粳型巨胚稻和籼型常规稻亲本的糙米粒型性状和矿物质含量的差异,笔者分析了三类水稻的糙米粒型和胚性状指标,检测了糙米中六种重要的矿物质的含量。结果表明：1）所有巨胚稻的胚大小约为常规非巨胚稻的4倍,笔者育成的巨胚稻遗传了其巨胚稻亲本的巨胚性状,也保留了其常规非巨胚稻亲本的粒型特征;巨胚稻糙米粒重的增加有利于增加绝对胚重,但与相对胚重呈显著负相关性;2）与‘91-308’相比,4种巨胚稻糙米中钾、镁、钙、铁、锰、锌等矿物质的含量大多数都有大幅度的增加,其平均增加幅度分别为30.2%、9.4%、75.8%、8.3%、58.3%、23.0%;育成巨胚稻糙米的钾、镁和钙含量比其巨胚稻亲本有所增加。结论：杂交选育过程中,育成巨胚稻保持了其常规稻亲本的籼型粒型特征,遗传了粳型巨胚稻亲本的巨胚和高矿物质含量特性。     

纽荷尔脐橙叶片矿质元素含量适宜值的研究

 在闽西北中亚热带红壤地区,采集纽荷尔脐橙[Citrus sinensis（L.）Osbeck‘Newhall’],50个果园（范围N25°3′27″ ~ N27°8′、海拔160 ~ 660 m）,100个单株的叶片、土壤和果实样品,研究果实品质及株产等级与26个矿质元素的关系。结果表明：①果实品质受叶片矿质元素的影响依次为：可溶性固形物（36.5%,贡献率,下同）> 粗纤维（27.1%）> 可滴定酸（20.0%）> 单果质量（16.1%）;叶片矿质元素对品质影响的贡献率依次为：K（15.8%）> Cu（11.3%）> Ca（11.2 %）> N（10.5%）> Ni、B（8.7%）> Cd（7.8%）> P（7.4%）> Mg（7.3%）,累计贡献88.7%。②叶片矿质元素对株产等级影响的标准回归系数排序为：La（–0.553）> Ni（–0.405）> Zn（+ 0.395）> Cu（–0.377）。③推荐16项叶片矿质元素诊断标准“元素（< 缺乏;适宜下限 ~ 适宜上限;> 过量）”：N（2.7% ~ 3.2%）、P（0.13% ~ 0.20%）、K（1.2% ~ 1.9%;> 2.2%）、Ca（2.5% ~ 4.0%）、Mg（< 0.20%;0.22% ~ 0.45%）、Cu（5.0 ~ 25 mg · kg^-1;> 60 mg · kg^-1）、Zn（20 ~ 50 mg · kg^-1）、Fe（50 ~ 200 mg · kg^-1）、Mn（20 ~ 150 mg · kg^-1）、B（< 20 mg · kg^-1;35 ~ 150 mg · kg^-1）、Mo（0.05 ~ 1.0 mg · kg^-1）、S（0.28% ~ 0.40%）、Cl（< 0.2%;> 0.5%）;限量元素Ni（≤ 3.0 mg · kg^-1）、Cd（≤ 0.3 mg · kg^-1）、La（≤ 12 mg · kg^-1）。     

臭氧污染胁迫下植物营养生长及防护研究

近年来,全球臭氧高浓度区域不断增加,臭氧对植物影响的研究日益深入,从最基础的臭氧伤害现象研究发展到臭氧伤害机理研究、到臭氧伤害对植物体内元素的影响研究,为农田科学管理措施的制定和保证作物稳产高产提供了依据。综述了臭氧浓度升高对农作物体内营养元素影响的国内外研究以及植物臭氧防护研究进展,并指出我国在臭氧污染研究领域应深入研究的几个方面,以期促进大气环境变化条件下植物营养的研究,为科学施肥、合理耕作以保证粮食安全提供理论依据。     

自然元素在农特产品包装设计中的生态呈现

用生态学和美学的观点论述了农特产品包装设计中的生态美,阐释了自然元素在农特产品包装设计中的审美呈现要素及其生态审美内涵,同时,也论述了农特产品包装设计必须具有的生态观及审美观。依据自然生态包装方式和理念,论述了自然生态元素在农特产品包装设计中的生态呈现形式和生态呈现理念。认为传统的包装工艺和理念应该与现代的生态理念相互融合,在改造利用自然的同时,也要顺应自然。在农特产品的包装设计中应该树立正确的包装生态观和审美观,提升对自然生态元素的利用水平,使农特产品包装得到更好的生态呈现。参16     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定碳酸饮料中的5种重金属元素

建立一种超声处理、电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定碳酸饮料中铬、砷、镉、汞、铅的方法。该方法检出限为0.001～0.007μg/L,加标回收率为86.5%～106.1%,变异系数(RSD,n=6)为0.76%～8.41%,测定结果满足分析要求。